Three mass graves were found in the village of Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo after the withdrawal of Yugoslav troops and Serbian forces in 1999. International forensic experts found the remains of a total of 230 people. 

Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo is in the municipality of Gllogoc/Glogovac, part of a hilly region of central Kosovo known as Drenica, and is located around 30 kilometres from the capital Pristina.

In 1991, Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo was registered as having a population of 1,300, all of them ethnic Albanians. The village is located close to the Feronikel ferronickel plant, which at times during the war from early 1998 onwards served as a base of operations for Serbian security forces against Kosovo Liberation Army insurgents who were active in the area.

At the location known as Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo 2, the bodies of 50 people were found buried in a mass grave near the Feronikeli plant.

The Kosovo Liberation Army was active in and around the village throughout 1998 and 1999, and for this reason, Serbian forces inflicted a fair amount of damage on the village long before NATO started its air campaign in March 1999 aimed at ending Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic’s campaign of repression.

At the end of April 1999 and the beginning of May, Serbian forces surrounded villages in the area and separated men from women and children. The men were held in a mosque in Drenas before being taken away.

According to the Belgrade-based Humanitarian Law Centre, 44 men were loaded onto a military truck, which then stopped near pits dug for mining purposes for the Feronikeli factory in the village of Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo.

On the orders of a Serbian special police officer known as ‘Commander’, the other special police force members and several soldiers lined up the captured ethnic Albanians on the edge of one of the pits, and simultaneously fired shots at them, shooting continuously until 43 of the men fell into the pit.

One man who had been killed earlier on the truck was dumped onto the pile into the pit, according to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY’s verdict in the subsequent trial of six Yugoslav and Serbian army and police officials. 

Serbian forces then threw several hand grenades into the pit. Behar Topilla, who was among the first to fall into the pit, survived the massacre. After he regained consciousness and made sure the immediate danger was over, Topilla managed to pull himself from beneath the bodies in the pit, according to the Humanitarian Law Centre.

Human Rights Watch visited Cikatove e Vjeter/Staro Cikatovo on June 25, 1999 after Serbian forces withdrew from Kosovo and found that between 40 and 50 per cent of the village had been badly damaged. Most houses had been burned from the inside, which indicates that they were specifically targeted rather than damaged by combat. Several buildings had also been demolished by bulldozers.

The killings in the area formed part of the trial at the ICTY of the former Yugoslav government official Nikola Sainovic and four other political and military leaders, Dragoljub Ojdanovic, Nebojsa Pavkovic, Vladimir Lazarevic and Sreten Lukic, who were found guilty.

In 2014, the Humanitarian Law Centre filed a criminal complaint accusing former Yugoslav Army 37th Motorised Brigade commander Dikovic of bearing responsibility for wartime crimes. Dikovic has insisted he is not guilty and the Serbian prosecution has not indicted him.

The Piljak mass grave was discovered and exhumed in 2001, at Mount Malusa, 29 kilometres from the town of Foca in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Amor Masovic, the head of the country’s Missing Persons Commission, received an anonymous letter informing him that the bodies of 80 Bosniaks from Foca were buried there. 

The letter was handwritten and said: “Mr. Masovic, I want to inform you that in 1992, 80 Muslim camp inmates were thrown in the Piljak Pit.” It said they had been taken from the KP Dom detention camp. It was signed “a Serb from Foca”.

The remains of 62 people were found at the bottom of the pit, all of them civilians. Pieces of rope found at the site showed that they had been tied up before the killings. The empty ammunition shells found around the pit indicated that the victims were brought there alive and executed at the site.

The pit is 33 metres deep and located on a slope which has no path leading to it. Documents that were discovered during the exhumation confirmed that the victims were last seen at the KP Dom detention camp in Foca.

The location of the mass grave is unmarked and not easily approachable, hidden deep among the forests of Mount Malusa. 

In April 1992, Bosnian Serb forces occupied Foca and surrounding areas populated by Bosniaks. The takeover was followed by a widespread campaign of destruction, murder and terror against non-Serbs.

The Bosnian Serbs established the Crisis Committee, which set up a network of detention centres, where non-Serb civilians were detained, tortured, raped and were either expelled, killed or went missing. The businesses and properties of non-Serbs were expropriated or destroyed. 

Bosniaks and other non-Serb men were unlawfully detained from April 1992 at the KP Dom detention facility where they were tortured, beaten and otherwise mistreated. One man who was detained at KP Dom for more than six months told campaign group Human Rights Watch: “During April and May [1992], they brought around 600 men to KP Dom. Around 400 of them were taken away and ‘disappeared’.” Men were also taken away at night and tortured by the guards and military police, he added.

Milorad Krnojelac, who was the commander of KP Dom, was sentenced to 15 years in prison for torture, murder, persecution and cruel treatment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He was granted early release in 2009.

Three former interrogators and police guards identified by witnesses, Miodrag Koprivica, Miro Burilo and Slavko Koroman, were never indicted and continued to work as police officers in Foca. 

In the summer of 1992, the bodies of 114 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat civilians were found in two mass graves at the Uborak municipal landfill and the Sutina cemetery in Mostar.

In June 1992, the first mass grave was discovered at the Sutina cemetery, containing the remains of 26 civilians from Mostar. Two months later, in August 1992, another mass grave was uncovered at the Uborak municipal landfill, some five kilometres from Sutina. It contained the remains of 88 war civilians. Most of them had been shot in the head with automatic weapons.

The exhumations were carried out as the war continued. Police inspector Drazen Pazin, who was involved in the process of exhumation at the Uborak landfill, said there were difficulties digging up the bodies because of constant shelling from positions held by the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA).

Earlier in the summer of 1992, Bosniak and Croats were taken from various villages north of Mostar, and from the Carina and Zalik neighbourhoods, by Serb fighters. The captives were detained in locker rooms at the FK Lokomotiva Mostar football stadium in Vrapcici, and taken for questioning in buildings at the Sutina cemetrey, where they were also held in detention. 

All 114 victims buried at Uborak and Sutina were killed on June 13, 1992. The perpetrators were members of the JNA, reservists and members of paramilitary groups, assisted by local Serbs, according to trial witnesses. 

There is now a memorial plaque honouring the victims at the Uborak landfill. 

No one has yet been convicted of the killings of the Bosniaks and Croats who were buried at Uborak and Sutina.

At the time of the crime, the JNA units were commanded by general Momcilo Perisic. Although he was prosecuted in The Hague, Uborak was not included in the indictment. The Hague Tribunal established in its verdict in the trial of Serbian Radical Party leader Vojislav Seselj that in April and June 1992, members of the Serb-led Territorial Defence, paramilitary units and fighters known as Seseljevci (‘Seselj’s Men’) tortured and mistreated prisoners at the Uborak landfill, the Sutina cemetery and the FK Lokomotiva Mostar stadium.

Laniste 2 is a primary mass grave at Mount Grmec, 15 kilometres from the town of Kljuc in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mass grave was discovered by the police in October 1995 immediately after the end of the occupation of the area by the Bosnian Serb Army and Serbian paramilitary units. The exhumation process started in October 1996 and uncovered the remains of 77 people, of whom 70 have been identified. 

The grave was located on an overgrown meadow, surrounded by woods and intersected by several paths. During the exhumation, ammunition, bullets, fuel canisters and steel cables over eight metres long were discovered. Police and the exhumation team also discovered an identity card with the name Hasan Zukic. The location of the mass grave remains unmarked. 

On May 31, 1992, the Bosnian Serb Army told men from the village of Velagici in the Kljuc municipality to go to the village school to get registration cards from the new Bosnian Serb municipality administration. The men were taken captive at the school and the next day, at least 78 men were lined up and shot in front of the school. The bodies were then taken for burial in the Laniste 2 mass grave. “Two trucks and a digger came. They loaded the bodies and drove them towards Laniste,” said Marinko Miljevic, a Bosnian Serb military policeman.

Miljevic was charged by the Bosnian prosecution with crimes against humanity alongside Ilija Krcmar, Bosko Uncanin, Svetislav Racic, Zeljko Bajic, Dragan Despot and two men with the same name, Nikola Cuk. The case against Krcmar, Racic, Bajic and the two men called Cuk was subsequently transferred to the Serbian judiciary.

Former Bosnian Serb Army soldiers Marko Adamovic and Bosko Lukic were sentenced to 22 and 14 years in prison respectively for their roles in the expulsions and killings of Bosniaks in Kljuc in 1992. They were found guilty of involvement in the attack on the village of Velagici in early June 1992, after which men of combat age were locked up in the nearby school, and at least 78 of them executed. Wartime Bosnian Serb military chief Ratko Mladic was also convicted of crimes in the Kljuc area, including the crimes in Velagici. 

There is now a village cemetery at the execution site with 121 markers for the Velagici dead, including those found in the Laniste 2 mass grave. 

Sasina is a primary mass grave located eight kilometres from the town of Sanski Most in north-west Bosnia and Herzegovina. The exhumation took place from July 18 to 24, 1996 led by the Sanski Most Court and the State Commission for Exchange and Missing Persons. Sixty-five bodies were exhumed.

The gravesite is located next to the village road, near a Catholic church, surrounded by bushes and trees. 

According to witness statements, the victims found in the mass grave had been held hostage in Sanski Most by Serb paramilitary units and used for forced labour by the Bosnian Serb Army. On the night of September 20, 1995, the paramilitaries took the men with a bus, a truck and several cars to the Sasina site, then executed them. The victims were Bosniaks and Bosnian Croat civilians. The youngest victim was Besim Talic, who was 16 years old. 

The gravesite is marked with a memorial plaque that includes all the names of the victims.

In the first-instance verdict in the trial of former Serbian State Security Service chiefs Jovica Stanisic and Franko Simatovic, the Hague Tribunal concluded that on or about September 21, 1995, members of the Serbian Volunteer Guard paramilitary unit led by Zeljko Raznatovic, alias Arkan, detained a group of non-Serb civilians from Sanski Most and transferred them to Sasina, where they shot and killed more than 60 of them.

Arkan was also charged by Hague Tribunal prosecutors with the murder of 65 civilians from Sanski Most but he was killed in Belgrade in 2000 before standing trial. Members of his paramilitary unit were never prosecuted for the Sasina killings. So far, only one of his fighters, Boban Arsic, has been convicted. He was found guilty in absentia by a Croatian court of a separate war crime in Croatia in 1992.

Redak 1 is a primary mass grave located in the Ljubija iron mine complex, 18 kilometres from the city of Prijedor. It is on a secluded hillside, above a road, surrounded by woods. Seventy-four bodies were exhumed from the grave. Before the war, the gravesites were open pits inside the mine, but in 1992 they were filled with soil, according to witnesses. 

In late July 1992, about 120 men from the Miska Glava area, among whom were 15 minors, were first taken to the Miska Glava cultural centre, where a witness said they were assaulted, then to the nearby stadium, where they were tortured and abused for three days. While in detention, some ten to 15 prisoners were killed, while the rest were taken to Ljubija and shot. Only a few managed to survive.

Prosecution witness Nermin Karagic told Bosnian Serb military chief Ratko Mladic’s trial at the Hague Tribunal that he was 17 years old at the time and survived because a major eventually stopped the shootings, although his father was killed. “We were then ordered to carry the dead bodies and load them onto a bus,” Karagic said. He managed to escape by jumping off the bus.

The victims’ remains were found and exhumed from mass graves at the Redak 1 and Redak 2 sites, while ten more bodies were found at the Hozic Kamen site near the town of Bosanski Novi in 2016.

The Redak 1 mass grave site remains neglected and unmarked inside the Ljubija iron mine complex. The Redak 1 and Redak 2 sites, as well as the Jakarina Kosa and Tomasica sites, all located at the Ljubija mine, were used to hide the bodies of non-Serbs from the Prijedor and Sanski Most areas.

Three indictments have been raised in Bosnia but no one has yet been convicted.

Nine former members of the Bosnian Serb Army, the police and the local Bosnian Serb crisis staff, which arranged for Bosniaks to leave Serb-dominated municipalities, were indicted in 2017 for taking part in the unlawful detention of around 120 men in the Miska Glava area. The indictees were Slobodan Taranjac, Milodrag Glusac, Ranko Babic, Ranko Dosenovic, Marinko Prastalo, Rade Zekanovic, Zdravko Panic, Trivo and Milan Vukic.

In 2018, the Bosnian state court also confirmed the indictment of Milorad Obradovic and Slobodan Knezevic for taking part in the persecution of Bosniak civilians in late July 1992 as members of the reservist police force and military police in Ljubija near Prijedor.

In February 2022, two other suspects, Dane Bajic and Miodrag Knezevic were charged with crimes against humanity against Bosniaks and Croats in Prijedor in 1992, including the crimes in Miska Glava. Neither man appeared for a court hearing.

Prijedor is the area with the largest number of convicted war criminals in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 37 Bosnian Serbs have been found guilty of committing crimes in the area and have been sentenced to a total of 617 years in prison. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia gave Milomir Stakic, wartime president of the Serb-controlled Prijedor municipality Crisis Staff, the highest sentence for crimes in Prijedor – 40 years in prison.

Bezdan Pit is a primary mass grave located on Mount Hrgar, south-east of the city of Bihac in north-west Bosnia and Herzegovina. The site is a natural vertical cave, two to three metres wide and 85 metres deep.

The mass grave was discovered after Ermin Lipovic, a criminal inspector for the Bihac police and an amateur climber and caver, descended into Bezdan pit with a photo and video camera in August 1997. He photographed and videotaped both the descent into the cave shaft and features of the cave floor. It was clear from both the photographs and the video footage that there were numerous human skeletal remains and remnants of clothing on the cave floor.

In September and October 1997, among the layers of garbage in the pit, the remains of 83 bodies were discovered. Sixty-five of them have been identified. The process of exhumation was halted several times due to the discovery of unexploded devices under the garbage and the bodies. All the victims were male and between 14 and 65 years of age. The most common cause of death was multiple gunshots. 

The victims were Bosniaks from Ljutocka Valley who were held at the IMT Tractor Service detention centre in the village of Ripac in July 1992 by the Bosnian Serb Army. According to witness statements, the murders were carried out by the 15th Light Infantry Brigade, members of military police platoons and local militia fighters. The victims were taken there in groups, executed and thrown into the pit.

The site is now marked with a plaque commemorating the victims who were killed in the summer of 1992, while the pit has been partially closed with a memorial monument.

Zeljko Stanarevic, a former military police officer with the 15th Light Infantry Brigade of the Bosnian Serb Army, was jailed for 13 years by the Bosnian state court for crimes committed in the Bihac area. The court found him guilty of participating in the murders of at least ten Bosniak civilians near the village of Hrgar. According to the verdict, Stanarevic and six other Bosnian Serb Army soldiers went the tractor workshop in Ripac where the civilians had been detained between June 24 and the first half of July 1992. 

At least ten of the civilians were then singled out, tied up and transported by truck to Hrgar and killed.

Another former Bosnian Serb Army soldier, Sasa Curguz, was also convicted in Bosnia and Herzegovina of involvement in the crime at Mount Hrgar and sentenced to 14 years in prison. Curguz was found guilty of participating in the murders of at least 11 prisoners from the village of Ripac and of inhumanely treating Bosniak detainees. According to the verdict, Curguz and six other Bosnian Serb soldiers arrived at the IMT Tractor Service in Ripac, where at least 55 captured Bosniak men were being held. The prisoners were put on a truck and transported to the edge of the Bezdan pit. One soldier immediately killed at least three prisoners, then two others threw the bodies into the pit, on the instructions of Curguz, who also personally killed several prisoners.

Former Bosnian Serb Army soldier Dragan Dopudja went on trial in Belgrade in 2021 for allegedly killing at least four prisoners near the village of Hrgar, whose remains were later found in the Bezdan pit.

In 2020, Interpol issued a ‘red notice’ calling for the arrest of Gojko Borjan, who is also suspected of committing war crimes at Mount Hrgar.

The case against Nenad Bubalo, a former Bosnian Serb Army military policeman accused of participating in the murders of at least five civilians at Mount Hrgar whose bodies were thrown into the Bezdan Pit, was closed in 2021 after he died.

The Tihotina Pit is a primary mass grave located above the village of Pritoka, eight kilometres from the city of Bihac in north-west Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was the second mass grave to be found in the Bihac area containing the remains of Bosniak and Bosnian Croat civilians from the Ljutocka Valley. 

The mass grave was discovered in 2002 by the local police and the Missing Persons Institute. The pit was a former coal mine and is over 100 metres deep. The remains of 53 people aged 17 to 55 were found there. 

The victims were former prisoners from the Ripac and Racic wartime detention camps, as well as women and elderly people from the village of Ripac. 

The location is now marked with a memorial plaque commemorating the 53 civilians who were killed.

According to court verdicts, around 5,000 residents of the villages of Kulen-Vakuf, Orasac, Cukovo, Klisa and Ripac were expelled from their homes. Around 100 men were taken to detention camps in Ripac and Racic and then killed.

Bosnian Serb ex-fighter Zoran Tadic reached a plea agreement with the cantonal prosecution in Bihac, admitting that he was involved in the killing of 18 civilians, mostly women, elderly people and one teenage girl, in the village of Orasac near Bihac in 1992. After the killings, members of Bosnian Serb forces piled up the bodies and set them on fire.

After pleading guilty in 2012 in return for a sentence of 12 years, Tadic helped the police and prosecutors to find the bodies of the murdered civilians at the Tihotina Pit, which is near Orasac.

Four other Bosnian Serb ex-fighters also admitted guilt. The Bihac Cantonal Court sentenced Jovica Tadic to 12 years’ imprisonment, Zoran Berga and Zeljko Babic to 11 years and Goran Mihajlovic to ten-and-a-half years.

In 2014, former Bosnian Serb serviceman Djuro Tadic was jailed for 10 years at Belgrade Special Court. Two men who were also charged in the case, Gojko Djuric and Slobodan Djuric, died before the verdict, while another man alleged to have taken part in the killings, Cvetko Tadic, went on the run.

Carevo Polje is a primary mass grave located in the city of Jajce in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mass grave was discovered at the local graveyard and consisted of two pits a small distance from each other. The graves contained the remains of Bosnian Serb war victims from the municipality of Donji Vakuf. In 1998, the remains of 81 people were exhumed from the pits, including two children aged seven and nine. Twenty-one years later, in 2019, the remains of at least two people, believed to be Serbs killed in the 1992-95 war, were exhumed from another hidden grave in Carevo Polje.

The mass grave site remains unmarked. Families of the dead and war victims’ associations have been attempting to mark the murder site with a memorial plaque, but permission has not yet been granted by the municipality of Jajce.

In September 1995, Bosnian Croat troops attacked a convoy of Serb refugees from Donji Vakuf who were trying to escape to safety further north in the Serb-held city of Banja Luka, some 100 kilometres away by road. While the bus in which they were travelling was passing through the abandoned village of Bravnice, near the town of Jajce, it was attacked and 81 civilians were killed. Nine Bosnian Serb Army soldiers were also killed, police said, and a number of people were injured. Civilians who were captured in the ambush were taken to detention facilities.

The Hague Tribunal’s verdict acquitting Croatian Army generals Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markac said that from September 8 to 15, 1995, the Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council, HVO units, working with the Bosnian Army, conducted Operation Maestral with the aim of taking control over an area near the Bosnian towns of Drvar, Sipovo, Jajce, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanska Krupa and Kljuc. 

The verdict said that one of the units participating in Operation Maestral was the 4th Guards Brigade of the Croatian Army, commanded by general Damir Krsticevic, who later became Croatia’s defence minister and deputy prime minister from 2016 to 2020. Krsticevic has denied that the brigade was involved in the Bravnice ambush, insisting that it was at its headquarters in Split when the attack happened.

A survivor of the ambush in Bravnice, Nadezda Jankovic, insisted that the 4th Guards Brigade was involved in the attack. “Members of that army were in a trench, from where they attacked the bus and halted it, while the HVO members came from the other side, across the bridge, and they condemned the attack and offered help,” Jankovic told BIRN.

She said she saw soldiers in camouflage uniforms after the attack: “They went past us, laughing. They said they had butchered us well. There were also some soldiers who came up to us and dressed our wounds. Those soldiers had symbols of the HVO and a [Croat] checkered flag on their sleeves.”

No one has ever been charged with the killings in Bravnice. The Bosnian state prosecution has been conducting an investigation.